Symphony No. 13 in B flat minor Op. 113 'Babi Yar'

In 1961 Yevgeny Yevtushenko published a poem entitled Babi Yar in the Literaturnaya gazeta. Babi Yar was the name of a ravine on the outskirts of Kiev which in 1941 had been the scene of a mass execution where, within nthe space of thirty-six hours, some 34,000 Jewish men, women and children were shot by a special unit of the German SS. In this poem Yevtushenko used the National Socialists' act of genocide as the starting-point of an attack on anti-Semitism in general, which he pilloried as a timeless evil that was widespread throughout the world, but which, he implied, was especially rife in Russia. Few Russian composers of the past were above reproach as far as anti-Semitism was concerned. Of these, the two that spring most immediately to mind are Rimsky-Korsakov and Shostakovich. Shostakovich had already revealed his phil-Semitic sympathies in his song-cycle From Jewish Folk Poetry, written during the final years of Stalinism but forced to wait until 1955 for its first